Stop ExtractTypeForDeductionGuide from recursing on TypeSourceInfo
As reported in PR48177, the type-deduction extraction ends up going into
an infinite loop when the type referred to has a recursive definition.
This stops recursing and just substitutes the type-source-info the
TypeLocBuilder identified when transforming the base.
(cherry picked from commit 1c98f984105e552daa83ed8e92c61fba0e401410)